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John Allotey, Kym IE Snell, Melanie Smuk, Richard Hooper, Claire L Chan, Asif Ahmed, Lucy C Chappell, Peter von Dadelszen, Julie Dodds, Marcus Green, Louise Kenny, Asma Khalil, Khalid S Khan, Ben W Mol, Jenny Myers, Lucilla Poston, Basky Thilaganathan, Anne C Staff, Gordon CS Smith, Wessel Ganzevoort, Hannele Laivuori, Anthony O Odibo, Javier A Ramírez, John Kingdom, George Daskalakis, Diane Farrar, Ahmet A Baschat, Paul T Seed, Federico Prefumo, Fabricio da Silva Costa, Henk Groen, Francois Audibert, Jacques Massé, Ragnhild B Skråstad, Kjell Å Salvesen, Camilla Haavaldsen, Chie Nagata, Alice R Rumbold, Seppo Heinonen, Lisa M Askie, Luc JM Smits, Christina A Vinter, Per M Magnus, Kajantie Eero, Pia M Villa, Anne K Jenum, Louise B Andersen, Jane E Norman, Akihide Ohkuchi, Anne Eskild, Sohinee Bhattacharya, Fionnuala M McAuliffe, Alberto Galindo, Ignacio Herraiz, Lionel Carbillon, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, SeonAe Yeo, Helena J Teede, Joyce L Browne, Karel GM Moons, Richard D Riley & Shakila Thangaratinam.

John Allotey ^1,2,†, Kym IE Snell ^3,*,†, Melanie Smuk ², Richard Hooper ², Claire L Chan ², Asif Ahmed ⁴, Lucy C Chappell ⁵, Peter von Dadelszen ⁵, Julie Dodds ^1,2, Marcus Green ⁶, Louise Kenny ⁷, Asma Khalil ⁸, Khalid S Khan ^1,2, Ben W Mol ⁹, Jenny Myers ¹⁰, Lucilla Poston ⁵, Basky Thilaganathan ⁸, Anne C Staff ^11,12, Gordon CS Smith ¹³, Wessel Ganzevoort ¹⁴, Hannele Laivuori ^15,16,17,18, Anthony O Odibo ¹⁹, Javier A Ramírez ²⁰, John Kingdom ²¹, George Daskalakis ²², Diane Farrar ²³, Ahmet A Baschat ²⁴, Paul T Seed ⁵, Federico Prefumo ²⁵, Fabricio da Silva Costa ²⁶, Henk Groen ²⁷, Francois Audibert ²⁸, Jacques Massé ²⁹, Ragnhild B Skråstad ^30,31, Kjell Å Salvesen ^32,33, Camilla Haavaldsen ³⁴, Chie Nagata ³⁵, Alice R Rumbold ³⁶, Seppo Heinonen ³⁷, Lisa M Askie ³⁸, Luc JM Smits ³⁹, Christina A Vinter ⁴⁰, Per M Magnus ⁴¹, Kajantie Eero ^42,43, Pia M Villa ³⁷, Anne K Jenum ⁴⁴, Louise B Andersen ^45,46, Jane E Norman ⁴⁷, Akihide Ohkuchi ⁴⁸, Anne Eskild ^34,49, Sohinee Bhattacharya ⁵⁰, Fionnuala M McAuliffe ⁵¹, Alberto Galindo ^52,53, Ignacio Herraiz ⁵⁴, Lionel Carbillon ⁵⁵, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch ⁵⁶, SeonAe Yeo ⁵⁷, Helena J Teede ⁵⁸, Joyce L Browne ⁵⁶, Karel GM Moons ^56,59, Richard D Riley ³, Shakila Thangaratinam ^1,2

^* Corresponding author Email: k.snell@keele.ac.uk

^† Joint first authors (both contributed equally)

^‡ The full list of authors can be found in Appendix 1.

^§ The full list of partners in the IPPIC Collaborative Network can be found in Acknowledgements.

Joint first authors (both contributed equally)

The full list of authors can be found in Appendix 1.

The full list of partners in the IPPIC Collaborative Network can be found in Acknowledgements.

Declared competing interests of authors: Gordon CS Smith has received research support from Roche Holding AG (Basel, Switzerland) (supply of equipment and reagents for biomarker studies of ≈£600,000 in value) and Sera Prognostics (Salt Lake City, UT, USA) (≈£100,000), and has been paid by Roche to attend an advisory board and to present at a meeting. He is a named inventor on a patent filed by Cambridge Enterprise (UK Patent Application Number 1808489.7, ‘Novel Biomarkers’) for the prediction of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Ignacio Herraiz reports personal fees from Roche Diagnostics and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). John Kingdom reports personal fees from Roche Canada (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Lucy C Chappell is chairperson of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) CET Committee (January 2019 to present). Asma Khalil is a member of the NIHR HTA Board (November 2018 to present). Jane E Norman is a member of the NIHR HTA MNCH Panel, and she reports grants from NIHR and Chief Scientist Office Scotland, as well as consultancy fees from and participation in data monitoring committees for Dilafor AB (Solna, Sweden) and GlaxoSmithKline (Brentford, UK). Kajantie Eero reports grants from the Academy of Finland, the Foundation for Paediatric Research, the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation (Helsinki, Finland), the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation (Helsinki, Finland), the Juho Vainio Foundation (Helsinki, Finland), the European Commission, the NORFACE DIAL Programme, the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Hellerup, Denmark), the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (Helsinki, Finland), Foundation for Cardiovascular Research (Zürich, Switzerland) and the Diabetes Research Foundation. Ben W Mol reports fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Canberra, ACT, Australia), personal fees from ObsEva (Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland), personal fees and consultancy fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme (Kenilworth, NJ, USA), personal fees from Guerbet (Villepinte, France), travel funds from Guerbet and grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme. Richard D Riley reports personal fees from the British Medical Journal for statistical reviews, and from Roche and the universities of Leeds, Edinburgh and Exeter for training on individual participant data meta-analysis methods. Jacques Massé reports grants from National Health Research and Development Program, Health and Welfare Canada, during the conduct of the study. Paul T Seed is partly funded by King’s Health Partners Institute of Women and Children’s Health, Tommy’s (registered charity number 1060508) and ARC South London (NIHR). The views expressed are not necessarily those of KHP, Tommy’s, the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.