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Daniel C Perry, Juul Achten, Ruth Knight, Susan J Dutton, Melina Dritsaki, James M Mason, Duncan E Appelbe, Damian T Roland, Shrouk Messahel, James Widnall, Phoebe Gibson, Jennifer Preston, Louise M Spoors, Marta Campolier, Matthew L Costa & FORCE Trial CollaboratorsMessahelShroukAlder Hey Children’s HospitalGibsonPhoebeAlder Hey Parents and Carers ForumHartshornStuartBirmingham Children’s HospitalMonsellFergalBristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenLyttleMarkBristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenHussanTemem (Tim)Darlington Memorial HospitalGomesSylvesterEvelina London Children’s HospitalAlcockAnastasiaEvelina London Children’s HospitalPrestonJenniferExperimental Arthritis Treatment Centre for Children, University of LiverpoolNovakAlexHorton General Hospital & John Radcliffe HospitalDarlowNadineIpswich HospitalHartinDavidIpswich HospitalRolandDamianLeicester Royal InfirmaryJenkinsonEmmaNew Cross HospitalGoughChristopherNottingham Children’s HospitalGilhooleyColinNottingham Children’s HospitalWoodDarrylQueen’s Hospital & King George HospitalMetcalfeDavidRoyal Berkshire HospitalThakkerManishRoyal Berkshire HospitalJohnsonGrahamRoyal Derby HospitalAppelboamAndyRoyal Devon and Exeter HospitalDavisTessaRoyal London HospitalConnorLouiseSheffield Children's HospitalNicolaouNicolasSheffield Children's HospitalRamlakhanShammiSheffield Children’s HospitalBeynonRhysSt George’s HospitalAhmadRahailSt George’s HospitalMullenNiallSunderland Royal HospitalMcKieChristopherSunderland Royal HospitalBayreutherJaneUniversity Hospital SouthamptonWestacottDanUniversity Hospitals Coventry & WarwickshireWilsonSarahWexham Park HospitalTanYok WengBirmingham Children’s HospitalMorgansLouiseBristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenJainNehaBristol Royal Hospital for ChildrenPaulAmanHorton General Hospital and John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford)BrownCharlotteHorton General Hospital and John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford)NunnCatherineLeicester Royal InfirmaryKehlerLisaNew Cross HospitalVemulapalliKrishnaQueen’s Hospital and King George HospitalO’HaganKathRoyal Berkshire HospitalWeekesJoannaRoyal Derby HospitalLongMattRoyal Devon and Exeter HospitalSomaskanthanAaraniRoyal London HospitalCadmanEmilyRoyal London HospitalArmourLisaUniversity Hospitals Coventry & WarwickshireManouchehriShahabWexham Park Hospital.

Daniel C Perry ^1,2,3,*, Juul Achten ¹, Ruth Knight ⁴, Susan J Dutton ⁴, Melina Dritsaki ⁵, James M Mason ⁶, Duncan E Appelbe ¹, Damian T Roland ^7,8, Shrouk Messahel ⁹, James Widnall ², Phoebe Gibson ¹⁰, Jennifer Preston ³, Louise M Spoors ¹, Marta Campolier ¹, Matthew L Costa ¹, ^†

¹ Oxford Trauma and Emergency Care, Kadoorie Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
² Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
³ Experimental Arthritis Treatment Centre for Children, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Liverpool, UK
⁴ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁵ Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁶ Centre for Health Economics at Warwick (CHEW), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
⁷ Paediatric Emergency Medicine Leicester Academic (PEMLA) Group, Children’s Emergency Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
⁸ SAPPHIRE Group, Health Sciences, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
⁹ Emergency Department, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
¹⁰ Parents and Carers Forum, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
^* Corresponding author Email: daniel.perry@ndorms.ox.ac.uk

^† For details, see Appendix 1.

For details, see Appendix 1.

Declared competing interests of authors: Daniel C Perry is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist and a member of the Commissioning Board for NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA) (2016–present). James M Mason was a member of the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research Funding Committee (2017–20), the NIHR HTA End-of-Life Care and Add-on Studies (2015–16) and the NIHR HTA Efficient Study Designs – 2 (2015–16). Damian T Roland is the chairperson of Paediatric Emergency Research United Kingdom and Ireland (PERUKI), which was a partner organisation for the study. Shrouk Messahel receives financial support from the NIHR Research Scholar North West Coast and is the secretary of PERUKI. Matthew L Costa is a NIHR Senior Investigator and a member of the NIHR HTA General Committee (2016–21).